Detox and Marshmallows: Dealing with Addiction

On Monday, NPR's Morning Edition ran two pieces back-to-back that while ostensibly not intended to be related, nonetheless struck me as providing important insights into opioid misuse and abuse.  

The first story (read and/or listen here) was about the potential perils of Do-It-Yourself detoxification from drugs of addiction. While there's plenty in this story for the schadenfreude crowd ("he says his stomach cramps felt like 'having Freddy Krueger inside you trying to rip his way out.'"), I was struck by the comments of a doctor interviewed for the story:

So can detoxing on your own be the solution? In most cases, the answer is no. 

In fact, a growing movement within the field of addiction medicine is challenging the entire notion of detox and the assumption that when people cleanse themselves of chemicals, they're on the road to recovery. 

"That's a really pernicious myth, and it has erroneous implications," says Dr. Frederic Baurer, president of the Pennsylvania Society of Addiction Medicine.

"Detox" does not equal "treatment."  Treatment may, of necessity, start with detox, but without counseling and the potential use of other medications, recovery is rare.  In fact, the relapse rate from detox alone is upwards of 90%.  We have to do more than just detox if we want long term results for injured workers suffering from addiction.  

The second story (read and/or listen here) was about marshmallows.  More accurately, it was about a child psychology experiment involving marshmallows.  In the the 1960s, a Stanford psychologist named Walter Mischel designed this experiment to study children's self-control.  Kids ages 3 to 5 have a marshmallow placed before them. Then researchers give the child the following instructions: You can eat the marshmallow now, but if you can wait for me to return, you'll get two marshmallows.

More than half of kids dig in.  And among those who don't gobble up the treat but instead exercise self-control, there appears to be a correlation to superior future academic performance and achievement.  (The story is interesting because new research deploys the experiment outside of western culture for the first time and the results are interesting, if not concerning).

The objective of the experiment is to study a psychological phenomenon called "delayed gratification."  Can one put off immediate gratification in return for greater, albeit delayed, reward?  Even among 3 to 5 year olds, the delay creates physical and emotional distress.  They whine, they squirm in their seats, their heart rates go up, they feel real stress.

Am I comparing a 4 year old who eats the first marshmallow to an opioid addict who can't go a day without a fix?  Absolutely not.  Addiction is a disease and it requires treatment.  It's not a simple failure of willpower.

Rather, I'm comparing the 4 year old who eats the first marshmallow to some insurers, employers, government regulators and politicians who want a simple, cheap, fast, pop-the-balloon solution for an injured worker who has been on opioids for 10 years.  Relying on detox alone is like gobbling up that first treat.  Instead, we need to squirm, face hard choices, make investments in sound treatment, and exercise patience.  

We could use a little more delayed gratification in the fight against opioid misuse and abuse.

Michael
On Twitter @PRIUM1

Will Opioids Kill the AHCA?

As a small group of Senators toil away in secrecy on an effort to recast a sixth of the American economy, one of the sticking points in the legislative negotiation is funding for the opioid crisis.

While substantial cuts in Medicaid seem destined to make it into the bill in one form (a basic cut in funding) or another (a shift to state-level block grants), several Senators from both parties are lobbying to include $45 billion over 10 years for the fight against opioid misuse and abuse, primarily aimed at availability and access to addiction treatment.  Moderate Republicans like Rob Portman of Ohio, Shelley Moore Capito of West Virginia, and Susan Collins of Maine have made this a central issue in work toward a Senate healthcare bill.  A few of their Democratic colleagues, namely Joe Manchin of West Virginia and Bob Casey of Pennsylvania, are arguing for even more funding - the $45 billion over 10 years isn't nearly enough in their view.

Note those states: Ohio, West Virginia, Maine, Pennsylvania.  These Senators are doing what Senators are supposed to do: represent their constituents. Portman has gone so far as to state publicly that he won't be able to vote for a bill that doesn't include this funding.  Keep in mind that to pass the American Healthcare Act (AHCA), Republicans can only afford to lose two of their 52 votes.  If they lose three, the bill won't pass.  

The opioid crisis has created one of the precious few areas of bipartisanship I can recall over the last several election cycles.  We might see legitimate arguments over appropriate funding levels, but the necessity of action is unquestioned and the focus on prevention and treatment is almost universally shared.  (Notably, one person who doesn't appear to share the view that prevention and treatment are superior tactics to criminal justice solutions is former Senator and current Attorney General Jeff Sessions: he'd rather return to a set of failed policies that have done nothing to stem drug-related crime in this country).

Personally, I'm torn.  I want to see substantial funding for prevention and treatment of addiction.  At the same time, if the AHCA dies in the Senate over this issue, it will serve to shine a very bright light on opioid addiction and simultaneously prevent a very bad bill from becoming law.

Michael
On Twitter @PRIUM1



 

Heroin is in Your Community - You Just Don't Know It

The local NBC affiliate here in the Atlanta area, 11-Alive, has just produced an in-depth story about heroin use and overdose deaths.  It's an outstanding series of videos and if you don't have much time on your hands, at least spend 7 minutes watching the first one in the series (after which you'll probably end up watching all of them).  Those of us that follow this public health crisis closely are no longer surprised by these stories, but to have such solid reporting that is so focused on my own community offered me an opportunity to talk about this with others for whom the story might be relatively new.  

Here's what surprises people:

First, this problem is concentrated in the wealthy suburbs of our major cities, not poorer areas with which drugs and related crimes have historically been linked.  The local reporters here in Atlanta discovered a triangle that connects Marietta to the west, Alpharetta to the north, and Johns Creek to the east.  Inside this triangle, you'll find some of the wealthiest ZIP codes in the state (and among the wealthiest ZIP codes in the country, for that matter).  And these reporters also found a heroin overdose death rate inside of this triangle that has skyrocketed nearly 4,000% just since 2010.  

Second, and correlated with the first point, people so closely (and incorrectly) link drugs and crime and poverty that they are completely missing the fact that heroin dealers are making home deliveries all over the north metro Atlanta suburbs.  This is how simple it is now: you text your dealer, you leave $20 under the door mat, the dealer takes the $20 and leaves the heroin.  Done.  No shady street corners, no dark alleys, no dangerous meet ups, no abandoned houses.  It's as easy as ordering a pizza.

Third, it's about as cheap as ordering a pizza, too.  That $20 isn't a made up number - that's what it costs to get secure a supply of heroin that will keep you high for up to several days.  

Fourth, this problem usually doesn't start with other illicit drugs or alcohol (though it certainly can). Heroin addiction most often begins with prescription painkillers.  And while much of the painkiller abuse in high schools is non-prescribed, recreational use, there is a substantial portion of teenage heroin addicts that started out with a legitimate prescription for opioids from a well-intentioned doctor.  Parents I've spoken to routinely miss this critical link.  Otherwise upstanding kids can get addicted to opioids (particularly after a wisdom teeth extraction or a sports injury - see this Sports Illustrated article for a more in-depth view of opioid use among high school athletes).  And when they get hooked and can no longer access painkillers (when doctors cease prescribing them and/or they can't find or afford non-prescribed pills), they're turning to heroin.  

I don't often tell people they're wrong - it's impolite and usually counterproductive.  But... if you don't think this is happening in your community, you're wrong.  If you don't think this is going on in your kid's high school, you're wrong.  If you don't think this could potentially impact you and your family directly, you're wrong.  

Strong reasons ought to make for strong actions.  Tell your friends, share the link above with your neighbors, make sure teachers and counselors and pastors are aware.  Above all else, be vigilant.  

Michael

On Twitter @PRIUM1

As the Pendulum Swings, Governors Weigh In

June 13, 2001: In the first case of its kind, an Alameda, California jury awards the Bergman family $1.5 million for under-treatment of pain during a hospital stay.  The case facts are dense and the clinical arguments are nuanced (according to this law review article, the best summation of the case and its implications I could find), but the trial represented a referendum on pain treatment in this country and despite the treating provider's prescriptions for Demerol and Vicodin, the jury found he had not done enough to manage the patient's intractable pain.

October 30, 2015: In the first case of its kind, a California doctor is convicted of murder in the deaths of three patients who were prescribed "crazy, outrageous amounts" of painkillers.  Dr. Lisa Tseng earned $5 million in one three-year period as she built her practice around prescribing huge amounts of opioids with little record keeping and total disregard for patient safety.  "You can't hide behind a white lab coat and commit crimes," said the district attorney.

In the intervening 14 years between the Bergman case the the Tseng case, a lot has happened.  To be clear, I'm not comparing the two cases.  Nor am I suggesting that either is wholly representative of current approaches to pain management generally or opioid use specifically.  Rather, I see these two cases as sentinels - two opposing, symbolic, and instructive cases that exhibit how far the pendulum of pain management is capable of swinging.

This weekend, the National Governor's Association gathered in Washington, D.C.  To the surprise of some, the sessions have been dominated by bipartisan concerns over prescription drug abuse.  The group of governors decided over the weekend to explore creating new guidelines on painkiller prescriptions that could include restrictions on the number of prescriptions that can be written and "locking in" a doctor and pharmacy so patients can only secure painkillers at a single location.

This is a good sign.  Perhaps the governors can find the right place for the pendulum to come to rest, a balance between public health crisis and pain management access.  Governor Shumlin of Vermont, who devoted his entire State of the State address to this issue in 2014, summed it up best: "You have the most conservative Republican governors and the most liberal Democratic governors agreeing" on the urgent need to get something done.  In this winter of political discontent, when is the last time we could say that about any public policy issue?

But they face significant challenges:

First, guideline overload.  CDC, ODG, ACOEM, State of (fill in the blank), FDA labeling, NIH, and a dozen other reputable organizations all have guidelines around opioid prescribing.  If the governors add another set of guidelines, we risk alienating the very primary care physicians we're trying to reach and educate.

Second, unintended consequences.  This list is admittedly tough:

• Limiting the number of pills in circulation may prove to be correlated with an increase in heroin use; 
• Laws aims at bad docs can make good docs less willing to treat pain patients; 
• One state's successful efforts to combat prescription drug misuse and abuse can shift such activity to neighboring states.  

Despite all of these obstacles, this is obviously a fight worth fighting.  And with such bipartisan support, maybe our governors can actually lead the way toward solutions that make sense.  

Michael 

On Twitter @PRIUM1

Drug Abuse and the 2016 Presidential Election

In last week's State of the Union address, President Obama mentioned prescription drug abuse as an issue where he saw opportunity for bipartisan compromise.  Notably, he mentioned this in the first three minutes of the speech.  And not coincidentally, he mentioned it in the same breath as another, related issue that will be a necessary component of prescription drug abuse mitigation: criminal justice reform.

Governor Chris Christie has made prescription drug abuse a centerpiece of his stump speech.  He regularly shares a personal experience of losing a close friend from law school to an overdose.  Just last week, Christie made headlines by shutting down a New Jersey prison in order to convert it to a drug addiction treatment facility.  "The victims of addiction deserve treatment..." he said.

In last night's Democratic primary debate, Secretary Clinton and Senator Sanders both touched on the subject.  After noting that she hears of horrible stories wherever she goes on the campaign trail and after advocating for first responders to carry and be authorized to use Narcan, she closed her comments along the same lines as Governor Christie: "We have to move away from treating the use of drugs as a crime and instead, move it to where it belongs, as a health issue.  And we need to divert more people from the criminal justice system into drug courts, into treatment, and recovery."  Senator Sanders added, after placing at least some of the blame at the feet of the pharmaceutical companies, that "we need a revolution in this country in terms of mental health treatment."

This is clearly going to be a 2016 presidential campaign issue.  Beyond the mere fact that crises often make for strange bedfellows (Clinton and Christie offering nearly interchangeable quotes?!?!), why are we hearing more about prescription drug abuse from candidates now than ever before?

First, New Hampshire.  Everyone knows the Granite State figures prominently as the first primary - on February 9 - in both parties' nomination process (Iowa - on February 1 - is a caucus, not a primary).  What many may fail to recognize is that New Hampshire's citizens have been hit especially hard by the opioid/heroin epidemic over the last several years.  A quarter of New Hampshire voters believe prescription drug and heroin abuse is the single most important issue of the 2016 election, marking the first time in eight years a plurality of voters have ranked any issue more important than jobs and the economy.  If you're going to win the New Hampshire primary - from either party - you better be prepared to address prescription drug misuse and abuse.  

Second, it's not an exaggeration to say that we're losing a material portion of entire generation of Americans to this epidemic.  First, we saw the findings of a recent study from the National Academy of Sciences indicating that the death rate among white, middle-aged Americans has grown over the last two decades while the death rate among almost all other groups has declined.  Now, the New York Times has analyzed nearly 60 million death certificates collected by the CDC and found that the death rate among young, white adults has risen to levels not seen since the AIDS epidemic of the late 1980s and early 1990s.  This generation will be the first since the Vietnam War to experience higher death rates in early adulthood than the generation that preceded it.  The figures indicate that the 2014 death rate from prescription drug and heroin overdose among 25 to 34 year olds was five times its level in 1999.  

We have presidential candidates talking about this issue because it is the preeminent public health issue of our time.  If there's any comfort for us at all, it's that both parties appear to be taking it seriously.  If there's to be a concern, it's that whoever wins will need to make difficult decisions and real progress.  We're losing a generation of Americans.  

Michael
On Twitter @PRIUM1

Primary Care Physicians Aren't Prepared for Substance Abuse Issues

In the course of consuming news, studies, and other information related to prescription drug misuse and abuse, I sometimes come across seemingly unrelated data sets that paint a picture of broad, systemic issues.  Often, connecting these dots can illuminate a potential path forward, focus our efforts, and create progress toward solutions.  This week's example: 

Data Set #1

First, the CDC's latest data on drug poisoning deaths is disheartening.  After leveling off and even slightly declining in 2010-2013, the opioid death rate jumped considerably in 2014.  Meanwhile, heroin overdose deaths have continued a depressingly steady climb that goes back nearly two decades, but has clearly accelerated within the last 5 years.  Certainly, we have seen better days.  

Data Set #2

Health Affairs published an interesting piece in its December 2015 issue comparing primary care systems across 10 countries.  Primary care doctors were surveyed regarding general capabilities and attitudes.  While the survey was wide ranging, one of the categories stood out to me: the % of primary care doctors who report their practice is well prepared to manage the care of patients with complex needs.  Two key data points:

1. Patients with substance-use related issues:
• US primary care docs: 16% are well prepared.  This ranked near the bottom of the 10 country survey.  The UK was at the top of the list with 41% of primary care physicians reporting that they're well prepared to deal with substance-use related issues. 
2. Patients with severe mental health problems:
• US primary care docs: 16% are well prepared.  This ranked second to last (just behind Sweden at 14%) among the ten countries.  The UK also topped this category with 43% of primary care docs reporting they feel well prepared to deal with severe mental illness.  

To sum up... 

We have an escalating death rate from opioid and heroin overdose deaths in this country, driven in large part by substance-use related issues and mental illness.  And we have a primary care system not equipped to deal with the complexity of these patients.  

Help may be on the way in form of increased and mandated reimbursement for substance abuse and mental/behavioral health treatment via the Affordable Care Act.  But I'm struck by the fact that the vast majority of opioid prescribing occurs at the primary care level, not in the specialist's office.  If we're to make any progress, we need to focus education, resources, and tools within the primary care community so that a-heck-of-a-lot more than 16% of primary care physicians feel they're well prepared to help this complex group of patients.  

Michael 

On Twitter @PRIUM1

A Sad Addition to our Shared Experiences

Think of the number of truly consequential experiences that Americans have in common.  Not the "mom and apple pie" stuff, but experiences that really impact our lives in deep and meaningful ways.  How many of us know someone affected by cancer?  How many of us are products of our public education system?  How many of us have lost a loved one?  

Thanks to the results of the recent Kaiser Health Tracking Poll, we can now add another shared experience among Americans: more than half of us (56%) know someone connected to prescription drug misuse or abuse.  45% of us know someone who has taken a prescription drug not prescribed to them.  39% of us know someone who has been addicted to prescription drugs.  16% of us know someone who has died from an overdose of prescription painkillers.  (56% of those polled answered "yes" to at least one of these questions).  

Interestingly, the poll reveals a demographic and socioeconomic trend around those who answered "yes" to at least one of the questions (know someone who took a drug not prescribed, know someone who has been addicted, or know someone who has died of an overdose).  The top 8 groups, by percentage of those polled answering "yes" at least once:

• 63% of whites
• 63% of those making more than $90k per year 
• 62% of those aged 18-29
• 61% of those aged 30-49
• 61% of those having "some" college education
• 59% of those with a college degree
• 59% with residency in a suburban area
• 59% of males  

That paints a picture of the prescription drug misuse and abuse epidemic.  

And yet, when asked to prioritize public policy goals, reducing drug abuse comes in 6th:

1. Public education
2. Affordable/available healthcare
3. Reducing crime
4. Attracting and retaining businesses and jobs
5. Protecting the environment
6. Reducing drug abuse
7. Reforming the criminal justice system

In studying this list... I wonder if we can't make a significant impact on #6 by tackling #2, #3, and #7. What if we thought differently about mental healthcare?  What if we thought differently about addiction?  What if we didn't treat addicts like criminals?  It's possible - and the regulatory and private enterprise infrastructure to make that happen is actually developing all around us. 

There is hope.   

Michael  

On Twitter @PRIUM1

Mental Health and Addiction: What if We Had What We Really Need?

Consider several seemingly unrelated articles that all ended up in my stack of "articles to read" just in the last three days:

First, a report from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that found that the death rate among white, middle-aged Americans has grown since the 1990s, while death rates among the same age cohort within other ethnicities and countries has continued to decline.  From the report: "Rising midlife mortality rates among non-Hispanics were paralleled by increases in midlife morbidity.  Self-reported declines in health, mental health, and ability to conduct activities of daily living, and increases in chronic pain and inability to work, as well as clinically measured deteriorations in liver function, all point to growing distress in this population."  The researchers speculated that relatively easy access to opioid pain killers may be linked to the rise in incidence of mental illness.  While I think they have the cause and effect backward, there's little doubt in my mind that the two are related.

Second, a report from WESH in Orlando on a US government study that estimates there are 4 million baby boomers struggling with addiction.  "Baby boomers," the group of Americans born within the 19 year period following WWII, are now in their 50s and 60s and they're suffering from drug and alcohol addiction at a rate that rehabilitation and recovery services cannot accommodate.  "It's hard to imagine grandma with a heroin problem," says Dr. Heather Luing, medical director at Recovery Village, "but that's the reality we sometimes see."

Third, there was a lot of international coverage of a controversial paper from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that suggested UN-member countries should consider "decriminalizing drug possession for personal consumption."  The paper was retracted by UNODC leadership with an explanation that it was written by a mid-level policy person simply expressing a viewpoint and was never sanctioned or adopted as a formal UNODC position.  This public policy approach, however, has been tested, perhaps most notably in Portugal.  Despite warnings of potentially dire consequences, Portugal decriminalized the simple possession of all drugs back in 2001.  Since that time, Portugal has seen overall drug use fall, it has the second lowest overdose death rate in all of Europe, and HIV infections among drug users are dramatically lower,  The resources formerly focused on arresting and prosecuting simple drug possession were instead poured into mental and behavioral health, education, and job training/placement programs.  And if you think such a program wouldn't be possible in the US, check out what Worcester, MA is doing.  

What are the common themes here?

1. People are dying.  That much is statistically evident.  
2. These deaths appear to be correlated with chronic pain, drug use, mental illness, and addiction. 
3. Efforts over the last three decades to deal with the issue from a criminal justice standpoint appear to be at least ineffective and at most counterproductive.  
4. The current supply of mental and behavioral health resources in the US is nowhere near sufficient to meet demand.  

So if the demand is there, why don't we have the mental/behavioral health resources we need? Because we've never devoted the reimbursement dollars necessary, either public or private, to ensure such programs were economically viable.  But now, with the Affordable Care Act's parity provisions, we have legislatively mandated reimbursement policies around mental health coverage offered by private insurers.  The resources haven't yet caught up to the demand, but billions of dollars of private equity investment is being poured into the sector.  Hopefully, it's just a matter of time before the number of trained professionals and the facilities and technologies they need to practice are in place.

And that leads us to an interesting thought experiment: What if we did have the mental and behavioral health infrastructure we so desperately need? Could we fundamentally change how we approach drug abuse in our society?

Michael
On Twitter @PRIUM1
 

The Opposite of Addiction is Not Sobriety

At the close of the blogger panel in Dana Point last week, Mark Walls asked each of the panelists what we thought needed to change in workers' compensation.  There's a lot of potential material there, I know.  And my co-panelists - David DePaolo, Bob Wilson, and Tom Robinson - all offered great suggestions that included more meaningful engagement with injured workers and simplifying the system with the aim of focusing on what matters most.

I took the "personal soap box" approach to answering the question.  Here's what I said (actually, here's what I meant to say):

I think that we, in workers' compensation, will spend the next 10 years paying for the sins of the last 10 years.  While we may have a (slightly) better handle on medication management for new injuries today, we spent the last 10 years paying for too many drugs to be given to too many patients.  And, as a result, for the next 10 years, we're going to be looking straight into the abyss of addiction.  

We better learn how to deal with it because ignoring it is neither a clinical nor an economic option for payers.  Payers didn't write the prescriptions, but they did pay for them.  Resulting cases of dependence and addiction are natural extensions of medication treatment that long ago ceased to have any chance of resolving the underlying injury, but has instead led to a life (if you can call it that) completely consumed by the need for more drugs.

I don't have a silver bullet solution to offer here.  This is going to be hard and it's probably going to be expensive.  But if we do it right, as an industry, we can create models for how other systems (group health, municipalities, even countries) approach the issue.

Here's a place to start:
http://www.ted.com/talks/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong
My colleague, Scott Yasko, sent out a TED talk on addiction that I found fascinating.  Leave the political questions aside for a moment (the speaker, Johann Hari, offers some interesting thoughts on decriminalization, but don't get distracted by that...) and focus instead on the underlying psychosocial argument he's making.  (I should also acknowledge that Hari has a checkered past as a journalist, but his thoughts here are well-researched and profound... and presumably his own).  If you stick with it until the end, you'll hear him conclude:

"The opposite of addiction is not sobriety.  The opposite of addiction is connection."  

Does that make you think differently about how we might approach the issue of addiction in workers' compensation?

Michael  
On Twitter @PRIUM1

A Lesson in Chronic Pain Management from Friedrich Nietzche

"He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how."  

I bet you've never seen a Friedrich Nietzsche quote in a work comp blog post before.  I came across this in a book recently, but I've also seen it plastered on social media and an occasional wall poster. Leaving aside for a moment the fact that the quote is almost always taken out of context (Nietzsche wasn't exactly the most uplifting philosopher of the 19th century), the quote still offers insight into the most difficult and frustrating dynamic of chronic pain management: 

The psycho-social disposition of the injured worker.  

How can we ask injured workers to take fewer pain meds... how we can ask them to engage in non-pharmacological therapies... how we can ask them to go through the weaning process... how can we ask them to contemplate a life that might not be totally pain free... if they lack the why.  If they don't have a job they're excited to get back to... if they don't have a supportive family or social environment... if they haven't worked through the devastating and often latent effects of childhood trauma... if they haven't dealt with co-morbid conditions like depression and obesity... then how can we ask them to change?   

No structure can be rebuilt on a faulty foundation.  And the life of a chronic pain patient cannot be rebuilt without addressing the underlying cause of the chronicity.

So what do we do?  Massachusetts has outlined a pretty compelling approach to addiction prevention and treatment in that state.  The Governor's Opioid Working Group has put together a comprehensive document built around 12 core principles (the detail behind each is contained in the document):

1. Create new pathways to treatment
2. Increase access to medication-assisted treatment
3. Utilize data to identify hot spots and deploy appropriate resources
4. Acknowledge addiction as a chronic medical condition
5. Reduce the stigma of substance use disorders
6. Support substance use prevention education in schools
7. Require all practitioners to receive training about addiction and safe prescribing practices (see my post from Monday on this topic)
8. Improve the prescription monitoring program
9. Require manufacturers and pharmacies to dispose of unused prescription medication
10. Acknowledge that punishment is not the appropriate response to a substance use disorder
11. Increase distribution of naloxone to prevent overdose deaths
12. Eliminate insurance barriers to treatment     

Are you thinking "this is intended for a group health / medicaid audience in the state of MA"?  Think again.  Most, if not all, of these principles should apply to us in workers' compensation.  If we don't get serious about treating the whole individual, we'll have little hope of making progress in the fight against prescription drug misuse and abuse. 

Michael 

On Twitter @PRIUM1